German Propaganda and its Effects on the Holocaust and...

German Propaganda and the effects on The Holocaust and WWII Propaganda in general is the idea of getting others to believe in one’s own beliefs. Propaganda is the â€Å"attempt to influence behavior†¦by affecting through the use of mass media of communications, the manner in which a mass audience perceives and ascribes meaning to the material world.†1 Propaganda was a major part of Germany’s way to brain wash people into following Hitler and his army. The theme of Hitler and Goebbels, (Paul Joseph Goebbels, was appointed Hitler’s Reichspropagandaleiter, the Nazis national director of propaganda), using propaganda, â€Å"was to merge the traditional German patriotism with Nazi ideological motifs†2, this was basically used from1919 to 1945.†¦show more content†¦Propagandist use words that are bland and euphemistic. Special appeals are to accommodate certain groups of people. The use of plain-folks is to make the group believe that their ideas or views are â€Å"of the people†6. The b and wagon use of propaganda is for people to think that since everyone else is doing something, so should they. False connections leads to the technique of transfer. Transfer constantly uses symbols and its main purpose is to â€Å"carry over the authority, sanction, and prestige of something we respect and revere to something the propagandist would have us accept†7. The testimonial technique is when someone famous or someone that a person respects says something and since they say it, well then that must be right, even if that person has no real knowledge of the statement made. The question of bad logic or propaganda is that there is logical and illogical conclusions. The propagandist â€Å"deliberately manipulates logic in order to promote their cause†8. Another part of logical fallacies is unwarranted extrapolation which basically is when the â€Å"communicator attempts to convince a person that a particular action will lead to disaster or to utopia†9. Propaganda was spread in a variety of ways. Propaganda was used in posters and leaflets. Leaflets were mostly spread by bomber airplanes. Sometimes the leaflets were hung under balloons (with a release mechanism) and floated over enemy country10.Show MoreRelatedNazi Ideology And The Nazi Party1436 Words   |  6 Pagesits defeat in World War I, Germany was humiliated by the Versailles Treaty, which reduced its territory, drastically reduced its armed forces, demanded the recognition of its guilt for the war, and stipulated it pay reparations to the allied powers. Therefore with the German Empire destroyed, a new parliamentary government was formed. And so, in 1933, Adolf Hitler, was named chancellor of Germany. After the Nazi party won in the elections of 1932, the Nazi party conducted propaganda campaigns. PropagandaRead MoreThe Holocaust and Nazi Germany Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust is most well-known for the organized and inhumane extermination of more than s ix million Jews. The death total of the Jews is this most staggering; however, other groups such as Gypsies, Poles, Russians, political groups, Jehovah’s witnesses, and homosexuals were targeted as well (Holocaust Encyclopedia: Introduction to the Holocaust). The initial idea of persecuting select groups of people began with Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in Germany. In January 1930, Hitler became the ChancellorRead MoreHow The Holocaust Was A Long Term Plan1461 Words   |  6 PagesAssess the View That the Holocaust Was Mainly the Result of a Long Term Plan by Hitler to Eliminate the Jews Of the four historians, it is Kershaw, Goldhagen, and Peukert who propose the idea that the holocaust was a long-term plan and Berghahn who argues that it was a reaction to the circumstances brought about by expansion during world war two. All of the historians agree to a certain degree that the extermination of the Jewish people from Germany was a long term idea of Hitler’s, but it is atRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles, By Georges Clemenceau, And Woodrow Wilson1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the systematic murder between 1933 and 1945 of more than six million Jews. It occurred because of anti-Semitism, and its intention was to eliminate the â€Å"inferior race.† â€Å"Neighboring Poland - The First Target: ‘All Poles will disappear from the world.... It is essential that the great German people should consider it as its major task to destroy all Poles’† (Himmler 1). This quote from Himmler states that all peop le of Polish descent should be obliteratedRead MoreThe holocaust959 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Year 10 Humanities 2013 Unit 2: World War 2 Task 2 The Holocaust The Causes of the Holocaust The Process of the Holocaust In 1933, the Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Germany would occupy during World War II. By 1945, the Germans killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the Final Solution, the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although Jews, whom the Nazis deemed a priority danger toRead MoreHolocaust the Japanese-American Internment1195 Words   |  5 PagesJews as he wanted the world to have the Aryan race with the Holocaust, and America did this to the Japanese during the Japanese internment. The Holocaust and the Japanese internment are very different from one another yet they are both very similar to each other. The Holocaust was the systematic mass slaughter of Jews and other groups deemed inferior by the Nazis. The Holocaust began when Adolf Hitler, the fascist leader of Germany that would lead the world into World War II. He and his followersRead MoreNazi Propagand The Most Strategic Scheme2822 Words   |  12 PagesNazi Propaganda: The Most Strategic Scheme in History â€Å"By the skillful and sustained use of propaganda, one can make a people see even heaven as hell or an extremely wretched life as paradise† (Hitler quoted in Ordeal by Battle). Jeremy Garber Mr. Katz 20th Century U.S. History 5 December 2014 Propaganda is defined as â€Å"information or ideas that are spread by an organized group or government to influence people’s opinions, especially by not giving all the facts or by secretly emphasizingRead MoreEssay on Genocide: Examples of Rowanda and Germany885 Words   |  4 Pageslargest genocide in history, also known as the Holocaust, six million people were brutally murdered. This was because of religious and political opposition to the Nazi Regime, lead by Adolf Hitler from 1939 until late 1945 (Genocide-Holocaust). Hitler believed in a â€Å"pure Aryan race† consisting of blonde haired, blue-eyed Germans. Jews, homosexuals, gypsies, and any other minorities were targeted, tortured, and treated inhumanely. Clearly, the Holocaust and Rwandan Genocide share many similarities butRead MoreScientific Illiteracy/Misinformation, Or The Depletion1293 Words   |  6 Pagesdepletion of accurate scientific information from society, is common across the United States due to increased mediums of communication. In the past scientific misinformation most commonly materialized itself in propaganda and advertising worldwide. Issues such as the eugenics programs during World War II and efforts for the birth control pill in the United States all involved government and privately-sponsored media which skewed the main tenets and evidence of these programs, leading to mass persuasionRead MoreFilm Triumph Of The Will1558 Words   |  7 Pages Taylor Singh 20519205 Assignment 1 The Perceptible Propaganda in the film Triumph of the Will (Triumph des Willens) JS 233: The Holocaust and Film Prof. James Diamond Monday, February 2nd, 2015 The film Triumph of the Will was created in 1934 after Hitler was named Fuhrer of Germany. At the time, Hitler was eager to improve the public image of the NSDP (National Socialist German Workers Party). After his election as chancellor in Early January 1933, Hitler

The teaching assistants role in developing childrens learning Free Essays

The function of the Teaching Assistant has changed significantly in recent old ages ( Cheminais, 2008 ) and has, due to the authoritiess 2003 enterprise to alter the staffing construction within schools ( OfSTED. , 2004 ) , led to legion publications and surveies refering the effectivity of these alterations. Historically, learning helpers, or aides as they were sometimes once known, ( Clayton, 1993 ) were non learning grownups who helped qualified instructors by transporting out twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours administrative undertakings, and provided pastoral attention to kids. We will write a custom essay sample on The teaching assistants role in developing childrens learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Several old ages subsequently the Government ( LGC. , 1998 ) outlined proposals for using a greater figure of support staff in order to supply even more support for students and instructors. They besides announced suggestions for a â€Å" more effectual usage of, and better preparation for, learning helpers and other school support staff † which, along with a subsequent OfSTED reappraisal, ( 2002a, p6 ) declared the demand for preparation that would, â€Å" fit any proposed construction of makings and to ease calling patterned advance. † The execution of national occupational criterions for learning helpers, approved in 2001, and the HLTA position introduced in 2003, ( TDA. , 2008 ) , offered committed support staff the chance to get the accomplishments to go more complete pedagogues. In other words, working as a instruction helper had become a calling, and so began the existent argument about the function of the instruction helper. In my experience, the rubric of ‘teaching helper ‘ is interpreted in a assortment of ways. Nevertheless, a common subject that I have encountered is that most learning helpers have the possible to be effectual pedagogues and are hence of import elements in the development of independent larning. How good this potency is utilized, nevertheless, is less clear and depends on the employer ‘s reading of the function along with appropriate preparation and development chances ( Department for Education and Skills, 2000, pp15-16 ) . In order to develop acquisition, learning helpers ought to hold a good apprehension of how kids learn. Piaget ( Slavin, 1994a ) , described the procedure as the creative activity of new thoughts by accommodating those already known. This was followed by Vygotsky ‘s claims ( Slavin, 1994b, p49 ) that kids move between zones when larning. He describes this as them traveling out of their comfort zone and towards their possible via their â€Å" zone of proximal development † through the usage of societal interaction. In order to incite this patterned advance, grownups need to supply chances for treatment and geographic expedition between kids and themselves. This besides has the possible to enable kids to detect and research linguistic communication, besides critical to a kid ‘s advancement ( Bruner, 1983, pp 64-66 ) . A instruction helper must be cognizant of the student ‘s current degree of apprehension and so cognize how to â€Å" scaffold † new larning . They must besides cognize when to retreat support to enable the kid to construct on, win and be responsible for their ain advancement. Furthermore, with current category sizes in the part of up to 30 students, a category instructor may be unable to offer such an single attack to turn toing the theories of the philosophers, and so it could be considered the function of the skilled instruction helper to make this. During my recent study of loath readers, carried out as a preliminary to the debut of an enterprise to advance reading, I discovered that the students had formulated an sentiment that reading was a job to be undertaken with animus and merely when instructed to make so. It became evident that these kids had encountered a assortment of barriers that had influenced their attitude and ability to read [ See Appendix A ] . Many of these barriers are authoritative illustrations of Erikson ‘s â€Å" Industry versus Inferiority Crisis † ( Slavin, 1994c, p56 ) , whereby outside influences have contributed towards a student organizing a negative ego image of themselves as readers. In order to get the better of this, the students needed the support of an â€Å" enabling grownup † as described by Chambers ( 1991 ) . This provided them with a function theoretical account, a positive attitude towards reading and an chance to portion and discourse reading experiences. This inspir ed in them a new willingness and enjoyment of reading, the result of which became evident in their apprehension of written text. The kids besides began composing with enthusiasm, utilizing their ain cognition and experiences ; as a consequence, they had taken control of their ain acquisition. The kids ‘s responses to the inaugural [ See Appendix B ] , demonstrated that they felt empowered by the fact that they were detecting new linguistic communication for themselves ( Gross, 1992a ) and were straight responsible for the advancement that they were doing. These rules apply to all kids, although some kids with SEN necessitate a higher degree of support traditionally provided by learning helpers ( Alborz et al, 2009 ) . This has antecedently been an country for argument with The Daily Telegraph ( 2009 ) printing an article claiming that research shows that, â€Å" Students make less advancement in schoolrooms where schools employ more teaching helpers † . The article states that learning helpers frequently support lower attaining students, ensuing in them being less supported by a qualified instructor and to them doing limited advancement, although it does non look to take into history the preparation of the instruction helpers. While reexamining the impact of work force remodeling, a study by OfSTED ( 2004 ) stated that when a instruction helper is appointed to work with carefully chosen students and is provided with the appropriate preparation to make so efficaciously, the students make important advancement. This is every bit good as the obvious benefits of supplying the instructor with more clip to concentrate on other students. In a recent observation of a twelvemonth 5 category, it was obvious that the usage of a instruction helper to supply kids with linguistic communication troubles with individualized, single aid benefited the targeted students and the category as a whole. The support enabled the kids to entree the course of study in a mainstream schoolroom while leting the category instructor to concentrate on the bulk of the students. The instruction helper ‘s intercession involved the re-enforcing of the whole category instruction, simplification of vocabulary and offering congratulations, encouragement and feedback on the undertaking. The support gave the students the assurance to take part in category treatments and enabled them to see new linguistic communication in context ; a critical facet of developing new constructs ( Gross, 1992b ) . Following the lesson, the instruction helper besides provided the instructor with appraisal and monitoring feedback to enable appraisal of and for larning . This appraisal has become a important portion of the function of the instruction helper and supports the instructor and student by enabling distinction and personalised larning to go every twenty-four hours pattern ( Kay, 2005 ) . Guidance published by the NFER ( 2002, cited in Department for Education and Skills, 2005, p.22 ) found that when instructors and learning helpers work in partnership, the consequences are a more effectual degree of learning and larning. An illustration of this is a scenario I have experienced late where a skilled instruction helper supported the acquisition of the bulk of the category while the category instructor focused on the kids with SEN. As a consequence of the instructor and instruction helper holding spent clip working together to be after the lesson, the instruction helper was able to help students in their accomplishment of the acquisition aims. By implementing a combination of all of these attacks and with effectual preparation and counsel, learning helpers can supply priceless support for all kids within any lesson. Supporting behaviour direction and supplying an alternate degree of perceptual experience within the schoolroom are besides cardinal facets of being an effectual instruction helper. In day-to-day Literacy lessons, I have observed a instruction helper back uping a student with ADHD and have no uncertainty that without her presence, the category instructor would hold to pass a big proportion of the lesson settling the kid and turn toing low degree distractions. Personal experience has shown me that kids with emotional or behavioral troubles respond positively to the support of a instruction helper with whom they can hammer a good grownup / kid relationship. This can lend towards the societal and emotional well-being of the kid as outlined in a reappraisal by Alborz et Al. ( 2009 ) ; nevertheless he besides found that this type of intercession does hold the possible to make a barrier between the supported kids, their equals and instructors. The instruction helper ‘s must, hence, h ave a good apprehension of the students demands in order to forestall this. Besides the chance to back up kids ‘s larning during lesson clip, learning helpers continue to transport out administrative undertakings in order to back up the category instructor and the school as a whole. The National Agreement ( ATL et al. 2003, p.2 ) , implemented as portion of the authoritiess workforce remodelling enterprise, states that instructors should non pass their clip transporting out administrative duties that do non do full usage of their accomplishments and expertness, but that these undertakings should be completed by support staff. The defined undertakings include the readying of schoolroom resources and puting up of shows. These responsibilities must besides, hence, be considered the duty of the instruction helper. Many of the administrative duties have an impact on the physical milieus, and hence contribute towards ( Primary National Strategy, 2004 ) making a positive ethos and the creative activity of a successful acquisition environment. In pattern, neve rtheless, the demand for learning helpers to be more involved in the bringing of lessons agencies that they have less clip for transporting out administrative responsibilities which relays these responsibilities back into the custodies of the instructors ( OfSTED, 2002b, p8 ) . In my experience, learning helpers offer unconditioned support for the school in which they are employed. Many carry out responsibilities beyond their on the job hours, supplying curriculum enrichment activities and on a regular basis being at the head of fund raising events. They often are able to supply a connexion between parents, local communities and their schools as they frequently live in close propinquity to their workplace. This is a valuable portion of their function as it enables learning staff to be cognizant of local issues and provides a nexus between parents and schools ( Logan, E. A ; Feiler, A. 2006 ) . In decision, a instruction helper ‘s function is to offer individualized acquisition, pastoral attention and administrative aid. They encourage good acquisition by supplying priceless differentiated larning support to persons and groups of students. Skilled teaching helpers promote enjoyment and accomplishment in a safe, nurturing environment while lending to the academic and emotional well-being of all kids. They set up positive relationships with parents and assist students to go successful members of the school and wider community. ( 1639 words ) How to cite The teaching assistants role in developing childrens learning, Essay examples

Binding Contract and its Type Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Binding Contract and its Type. Answer: A contract is a binding agreement which is legal and enforceable by law (Board, 2011). The covenant is made between two or more entities. The main purpose of contracts is to enforce the rights and duties of the parties to fit with the agreement made (Carter, 2012). A contract can be formal or informal depending on how the parties want it to be. In case one party fail to follow the agreement the court can penalize that particular party. The duty of the court is to make sure that the agreement that the parties made is enforced. Some entities prefer written contracts while others prefer verbal. Only under specific conditions which state that the contract has to be written and signed. There are various types of contracts, among these are; contract under seal, implied, executed and executory, express, bilateral and unilateral, void and voidable contracts (Ba Yang, 2016). This paper aim at handling particular questions regarding contract. List and explain briefly all the components required to demonstrate that a binding contract exists. A binding contract is a legal agreement which is done verbally or in writing and the document is signed by the parties involved, two or more parties or entities sign the document. For a binding contract to exist, there are several components which are the requirements to show that the binding contract exists. These include; offer, consideration, terms and conditions, acceptance, capacity, legal purpose and mutuality (Anson, et al. 2010). Offer is one of the components of a binding contract which has to be specific. This is the point where one party of the involved parties presents a good or service to the other party. One party promises to do something or to refrain from doing something to the other. The first component is that there has to be goods or services that one party has to offer, For instance, SPC is a company in Australia which deals with canned fruits. When they offer to supply Woolworths with their products, SPC has to get to a point where they present to Woolworth what they have so that they decide if to go on with the contract or not. Consideration is another key component for a legal binding contract. There has to be something that is being exchanged to compensate for what was offered by the other party. For instance, when purchasing a car, the person offering the car specify the amount of money to be paid by the person interested to purchase the car. All the documents which are included in the car purchase are agreed upon. The money paid will be the consideration (Anson, et al. 2010). Acceptance this is the next major component. When one party offers what they have, then it's upon the other to decide whether to accept the offer or not. For example, before there is any agreement made on the type of fruits and quality Woolworth decides that they dont want to continue with the contract, then the binding contract is not there until the two agrees on the terms of the bargain. Acceptance is a key component of a contract as the party being offered has to agree to terms and without that, no proceeding with the contracting process can go on. Capacity is legal requirements for parties to be allowed to take part in getting into contract. It is not everyone is in a position to enter into a contract legally. Some people are not allowed to, due to their conditions which can bring complications in the terms of the contract. For instance, minors, prisoners, bankrupts, people with mental impairment are among those not allowed to take part in contracts (DiMatteo, 2010). If someone falls in the categories the contact cannot be complete as they are not legally allowed to enter into a binding contract. Terms and conditions, this is a component of the binding contract. It is very important that the two parties set aside the terms and the conditions of the contract. This will govern their agreement. In case of a dispute, the court will just have to revisit the terms of the contract thus making it easy to find a solution in that particular case. A binding contract must be the legal purpose, if the contract is aiming at illegal deals or for fulfilling objectives to violate the laws, then they cease to be a binding contract. Whatever the contract is about has to be legally acceptable. Finally, mutuality is a component of a binding contract. It means that the parties involved have mutually agreed to go on with the contract after understanding all the terms and conditions set for that particular contract. When all these components are involved, they demonstrate a binding contract (Fried, 2015). Does a contract have to be in writing to be binding? In your answer explain whether this is the case, and further whether it is a good idea to put an agreement in writing. Generally, a contract does not have to be written, only in very specific conditions when writing is compulsory for it to be binding (Fried, 2015). Whether written or oral, they are both legal and can bind the two parties. There are those contracts which must be written in order to be valid. For example, sales made in real estate, contracts taking more than one year to complete. Also, contracts that take more years than the life time of the parties involved have to be write the contract. Even if writing is not legally required, it is advisable to do written contracts moreso for businesses. It is difficult to prove an oral contract in contrast with a written contract. For a written one, you just have to provide the document that was signed by the other party in case there is a problem with one party or they fail to comply. For instance, a contract which involves a large amount of money it is important to write the contract since there are possibilities that a dispute might occur. In case the dispute has to move to court, then it is important to have the written contract as it will serve as evidence that such a contract exist (Fried, 2015). What is a formal contract? Explain the formalities of such a contract and give two examples. A formal contract contains an agreement which is written, it is used to bind the parties legally. It is one where the parties taking part in the binding contract sign it under seal. This is different for an informal contract, where there is no seal that is involved. In the formal contract, there is a format which is prescribed to be followed during the contracting process. They are supposed to contain the following; offer, consideration, acceptance, conditions, and terms of the contract (Nystn-Haarala, Lee, Lehto, 2010). Formalities of a formal contract include the elements of the contract all being fulfilled. Where writing the contract is a must, then it has to be so otherwise the contract will not be enforceable by law. Understanding the agreement and both parties signing the written document is a requirement for a formal contract but it is not a must. The case of Gordon and Macgregor at the Australian High Court is an appropriate example. The two parties had a negotiation which was followed by the two entering into a written agreement. The agreement was requiring Gordon to offer dark red cedar logs. All the requirements were specified in the document including the length, girth and the quantity. It happened that Gordon did not supply the logs with the specified specifications as indicated in the contract document. Macgregor filed a case claiming damages. Gordon also claimed that the contract did not conform to the rules of recording the contract in writing (Carter, 2012). In this scenario, the contract did not fulfil the requirement of a formal contract as Macgregor and Gordon left out some information when writing the terms of the contract. For a formal contract every detail of the contract has to be written in the document to avoid cases where one will fail to fulfil the requirements (Chen-Wishart, 2010). Another example of a formal contract includes Macquarie University in Australia who want to offer a job to a tutorial fellow. There has to be a written contract between the two clearly identifying and recording all the required for a legal contract (Suprapto, et al., 2016). The fellow offers to provide services that the university requires. Offer in one of the components of a binding contract. There will be considerations which the university will give in compensation to the services provided. Then the fellow thinks through it and accepts to go on with the contract after all the terms are clearly understood by the two parties. The two meets legal capacity which might otherwise lead to failure of the contract being legal. The two signs the contract making it a formal contracts. A group of friends meets for a regular drink at a hotel every Friday night. Each contributes $2 towards a group lottery ticket, which is drawn over the weekend by Lotto Company. One of the group is given the role of actually buying the syndicate ticket. When in fact a winning ticket is drawn for the group the purchaser of the ticket claims the arrangement is purely social and there is no arrangement whereby he needs to share the prize. Analyse this issue in terms of contract law. When it is a social arrangement, there is an assumption that they are no need for a court of law to be involved in these cases. The ticket purchaser cannot be taken to the court of law since all he has to say is what will be taken as the truth. The reason is that the other party does not have any evidence that they had an agreement. The contract was not written, therefore they cannot prove the case only by words that they say which may or may not be taken as truth by the person in charge In case the situation was planned to be serious then the court of law would be in a position to solve the dispute involving the social agreement (Li, Poppo, Zhou, 2010). This would help for this particular case study. This is different from cases where individuals are involved. If they had the idea that amount of money is large they would have changed the contract from social agreement to contractual agreement which is more serious and legal requirements will be involved. Occasions where money is in volved, it is important that a written contract is used to bind the two parties. This will make it easy to deal with individuals who happen to refrain from the terms and conditions made on the contract (Schooner, 2011). Why is it important under the law to distinguish between a party who is an agent for a principal, from that of an independent contractor? In your answer explain the legal implications of each relationship. A party who is an agent for a principal is a situation where a party legally appoints another party to represent them in a contracting process. The agent takes a position of the principal and acts on his position. In this kind of a relationship, the agent is supposed to have no conflict of interest in the process of handling the action. On the other hand, an independent contractor is a natural person or a corporation which contracts another entity to offer goods and services in accordance with their own processes and their own ways. The contract could be either written or verbal and the independent contractor solely does the work to meet the requirement of the contract (Furmston, Cheshire, Fifoot, 2012). It is important under the law to distinguish the above relationship as they have different responsibilities and they report to different people. Independent contractor report to their employer and the agent reports to the principal (Jost, 2011). For an independent contractor work without being controlled but for the case of an agent of the principal, he/she is controlled by the principal. For the latter, their actions and omissions, the principal are liable. This is not the case for an independent contractor where the employer is not liable for his/her actions or omissions. It is important to distinguish between the two parties because, when the employer characterizes the employees the wrong way, the employer is likely to suffer from an increased number of legal liabilities (Suprapto, et al., 2012). For instance, misclassification of employees and failure to withhold the taxes, the employer will be faced with challenges from the IRS. Also, there are civil liabilities that can result. For instance, employers are supposed to pay overtime and minimum wages to employees or agent, which is not the case to an independent contractor (Messina Messina, 2012). In conclusion, entering into a contract is an act that needs caution (Matthijs, Chiaburu, Jansen, 2010). There is need to understand the requirement of a contract so that it can be clear and then they will do it right. The paper also shows the importance of employer understanding the classes of their employees. Otherwise, there is the employer will end up facing penalties enacted by the law. References: Anson, W. R., Beatson, J., Burrows, A. S., Cartwright, J. (2010).Anson's law of contract. Oxford University Press. Ba, S., Yang, X. (2016). Changes in Pre-internet Real Estate Brokerage Industry in the US Over the Century. InInternet Plus Pathways to the Transformation of Chinas Property Sector(pp. 11-29). Springer Singapore Board, S. (2011). Relational contracts and the value of loyalty.The American Economic Review,101(7), 3349-3367. Carter, J. W. (2012).Cases and materials on contract law in Australia. LexisNexis Butterworths. Chen-Wishart, M. (2012).Contract law. Oxford University Press. DiMatteo, L. A. (2010). Strategic contracting: contract law as a source of competitive advantage.American Business Law Journal,47(4), 727-794. Fried, C. (2015).Contract as Promise: A theory of contractual obligation. Oxford University Press, USA. Furmston, M. P., Cheshire, G. C., Fifoot, C. H. S. (2012).Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmston's law of contract. Oxford university press. Joskow, P. L. (2012). Vertical integration.The Antitrust Bulletin,57(3), 545-586. Jost, M. P. S. (2011). Independent Contractors, Employees, and Entrepreneaurialism under the National Labor Relations Act: A Worker-by-Worker Approach.Wash. Lee L. Rev.,68, 311 Li, J. J., Poppo, L., Zhou, K. Z. (2010). Relational mechanisms, formal contracts, and local knowledge acquisition by international subsidiaries.Strategic Management Journal,31(4), 349-370. Matthijs Bal, P., Chiaburu, D. S., Jansen, P. G. (2010). Psychological contract breach and work performance: Is social exchange a buffer or an intensifier?.Journal of Managerial Psychology,25(3), 252-273. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Messina, R. A., Messina, E. A. (2012).U.S. Patent Application No. 13/412,973. Nystn-Haarala, S., Lee, N., Lehto, J. (2010). Flexibility in contract terms and contracting processes.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,3(3), 462-478. Schooner, S. L. (2011). Desiderata: Objectives for a system of government contract law Suprapto, M., Bakker, H. L., Mooi, H. G., Hertogh, M. J. (2016). How do contract types and incentives matter to project performance?.International Journal of Project Management,34(6), 1071-1087.

Women in India free essay sample

Other Sikh Gurus also preached against the discrimination against women. See also: Women in Sikhism Historical practices Traditions among some communities such as sati, jauhar, and devadasi have been banned and are largely defunct in modern India. However, some cases of these practices are still found in remote parts of India. The purdah is still practised by Indian women among some communities, and child marriage remains prevalent despite it being an illegal practice, especially under current Indian laws. Sati Sati is an old, largely defunct custom, among some communities in which the widow was immolated alive on her husbands funeral pyre. Although the act was supposed to be a voluntary on the widows part, it is believed to have been sometimes forced on the widow. It was abolished by the British in 1829. There have been around forty reported cases of sati since independence. [21] In 1987, the Roop Kanwar case of Rajasthan led to The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [22] Jauhar Jauhar refers to the practice of the voluntary immolation of all the wives and daughters of defeated warriors, in order to avoid capture and consequent molestation by the enemy. The practice was followed by the wives of defeated Rajput rulers, who are known to place a high premium on honour. Purdah Purdah is the practice among some communities of requiring women to cover their bodies so as to cover their skin and conceal their form. It imposes restrictions on the mobility of women, it curtails their right to interact freely and it is a symbol of the subordination of women. It does not reflect the religious teachings of either Hinduism or Islam, contrary to common belief, although misconception has occurred due to the ignorance and prejudices of religious leaders of both faiths. citation needed] Devadasis Devadasi is a religious practice in some parts of southern India, in which women are married to a deity or temple. The ritual was well established by the 10th century A. D. [23] In the later period, the illegitimate sexual exploitation of the devadasis became a norm in some parts of India. British rule European scholars observed in the 19th century that Hind u women are naturally chaste and more virtuous than other women. [24] During the British Raj, many reformers such as Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Jyotirao Phule etc. fought for the upliftment of women. Peary Charan Sarkar, a former student of Hindu College, Calcutta and a member of Young Bengal set up the first free school for girls in India in 1847 in Barasat, a suburb of Calcutta (later the school was named Kalikrishna Girls High School). While this list might suggest that there was no positive British contribution during the Raj era, that is not entirely so, since missionaries wives like Martha Mault nee Mead and her daughter Eliza Caldwell nee Mault are rightly remembered for pioneering the education and training of girls in south India a practise that initially met with local resistance, as it flew in the face of tradition. Raja Rammohan Roys efforts led to the abolition of the Sati practice under Governor-General William Cavendish-Bentinck in 1829. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagars crusade for the improvement in condition of widows led to the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856. Many women reformers such as Pandita Ramabai also helped the cause of women upliftment. Kittur Chennamma, the queen of the princely state Kittur in Karnataka[citation needed], led an armed rebellion against the British in response to the Doctrine of lapse. Abbakka Rani the queen of coastal Karnataka led the defence against invading European armies notably the Portuguese in 16th century. Rani Lakshmi Bai, the Queen of Jhansi, led the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British. She is now widely considered as a nationalist hero. Begum Hazrat Mahal, the co-ruler of Awadh, was another ruler who led the revolt of 1857. She refused the deals with the British and later retreated to Nepal. The Begums of Bhopal were also few of the notable female rulers during this period. They did not observe purdah and were trained in martial arts. Chandramukhi Basu, Kadambini Ganguly and Anandi Gopal Joshi were few of the earliest Indian women to obtain educational degrees. In 1917, the first womens delegation met the Secretary of State to demand womens political rights, supported by the Indian National Congress. The All India Womens Education Conference was held in Pune in 1927[citation needed]. In 1929, the Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed, stipulating fourteen as the minimum age of marriage for a girl through the efforts of Mahomed Ali Jinnah. [19][25] Though Mahatma Gandhi himself married at the age of thirteen, he later urged people to boycott child marriages and called upon the young men to marry the child widows. [26] Women played an important part in Indias independence struggle. Some of the famous freedom fighters include Bhikaji Cama, Dr. Annie Besant, Pritilata Waddedar, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kriplani and Kasturba Gandhi. Other notable names include Muthulakshmi Reddy, Durgabai Deshmukh etc. The Rani of Jhansi Regiment of Subhas Chandra Boses Indian National Army consisted entirely of women including Captain Lakshmi Sahgal. Sarojini Naidu, a poet and a freedom fighter, was the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the governor of a state in India. Women in India free essay sample Traditions taboo women from preforming certain tasks. The only thing they are expected to do is nurture and care for their husbands. A woman who is educated is unlikely to get married because they have the power to fight back and speak up against abuse. Some culture allows men to rape their wife if they refuse to have sex and no form of punishment is given to the husband. My research paper is about rape and abuse of women in India. I began my research at Borough of Manhattan college library as well as Half the Sky book that I read in class. Most of the information is found in the book so I use BMCC library for additional information if needed. Also, my teacher at school assists me with finding information if I have difficulty doing so. Half the sky has been an excellent source of information, providing me with accurate information to my research unfortunately, when I use BMCC library the information I gathered from the internet isn’t useful. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I inputted key words from topic like rape in India, abuse in India and India in general. There’s still no information there for me to use. I continue to use the book until I find data that is relevant to my paper. One of the reasons why women are targeted is because they lack education. Women who have education are less likely to be attack because they have a voice to speak up against rape and these are the women who create projects to help hopeless women. â€Å"In developing countries, tormenting the illiterate is usually risk-free; preying on the educated is more perilous. †(Kristoff 50) Women with education are stronger than illiterate women because they cannot be strict into agreements that will cause their lives and preying on the weak will cause fewer problems. There’s highly a chance of the victims receiving justice. â€Å"That is the power of education. One study after another has shown that educating girls is one of the most effective ways to fight poverty. †(Kristoff 169) Education has so much to do with women in India but there are not enough facilities to educate these women. Uneducated women always end up in the slum of India and bear the abuse that is inflected on them. Women, in India, have no voice even the government is against women’s right and women in politics are forbidden. More broadly the single most important way to encourage women and girls to stand up for their rights is education and we can do far more to promote universal education in poor countries. † (Kristoff 5) In some countries, women are used for the tool of war. Giving their women to other countries as a peace offering and they can do whatever they want to them including rape and abuse them. If women had education none of this would be happening around the world. â€Å"Rape is only the tip of the iceberg in a country where women face a broad range of violence and discrimination that leads to the deaths of almost 2 million women a year†. Harris A. 4) Men, in general, is considered as society and set rules that are against women’s rights. For example, a man can marry as many wives as they want and can abuse them if necessary creating a polygamy family. If a women were suppose marry as many men as she wants, she will be called hurtful names and stoned to death by family members. The abuse of women is endless and living in a patriarchal society there’s injustice against women. Another reason is culture. There are many cultures in India and traditions are very imperative to them. Therefore, everyone has to obey the rules and regulation and changing their culture is not an option. In some cultures, it’s okay for a husband to rape and abuse their wives if they refuse sex and do not perform their house hold duties. â€Å"There are good practical as well as cultural reasons for women to accept abuse rather than fight back and risk being killed† (Kristoff 47) There’s no reason for a women to get married if they’re going to get abuse all the time for no particular reason. Women cannot report abuse or bring the culprit to court because they will receive no form of justice base on their gender. Its cultural rules, those women have to endure any form of abuse. â€Å"In India, a â€Å"bride burning†Ã¢â‚¬â€to punish a woman for an inadequate dowry or to eliminate her so a man can remarry. † (T. N. M 375) As you can see, men will do anything to a women if they refuse sex even kill them if they have to. There’s a particular culture that allows men to stone their wives to death, if they don’t show signs of their virtue (blooding after having sex for the first time), in front of their father. This is called â€Å"cult of virginity†. Again you see that men control everything and can do what they want. Women have no justice in society because they are the target and they live in fear; fearing when their lives is coming to an end. â€Å"Government statistics show a woman is raped every 20 minutes in India, but the countrys conviction rate for the crime is one of the lowest in the world†. ( Fritzmaurice 14) Men in India, destroy women drastically so they think that their worthless and weak and there’s no hope for them. The effect is so traumatizing that they are afraid to act against domestic violence and this has a permanent effect on them. Everything rotates around culture because their traditions begun with men controlling everything and women cannot participate in any leadership role but men. â€Å"Government statistics show a woman is raped every 20 minutes in India, but the countrys conviction rate for the crime is one of the lowest in the world. † Therefore, women have been growing up in a patriarchal society where men have the final saying in everything pertain to women and they cannot made any decisions for themselves or else they will be tabooed from their village. One of the major problems that Indian women face on a daily basis is sex trafficking. Majority of women in India has been introduce to prostitution from a very young age. The conditions they live in are unbearable and escaping from the brothels isn’t an option. Many girls have been kidnapped or sold to brothel owners from a young age. They started to have sex from the age of three. These young children know nothing about how the world operates because they spend their entire lives in the brothel having sex and being abused. They obey the owners because prostitution is the only thing they know how to do. Besides, the consequences of disobeying are unbearable. Sometimes the owners exaggerate and cause serious damages. For example, Meena tried to escape from the brothels but she was caught and was beaten badly and was left in the room in a pool of blood. ( Kristoff 34) Also, they have been beaten by customers and owners because of customer dissatisfaction. Leaving the brothel isn’t an option for most women because the owners threaten them with the shame of being a prostitute and what effect it will have on the family. This can cause â€Å"honor killing† in which a relative brutally kill the woman who has brought shame among the family. Honor killing is a cultural aspect against women as well. â€Å"Laws protecting women against economic exploitation, prostitution and rape are weak† (T. N. M 375) Women has been suffering from religious or government laws rather than benefitting from it. Furthermore, in India, where caste system is relevant to their society, girls are forced into prostitution by their mother. These girls will suffer from rape and abuse as long as there in the brothels. Case in point, abuses in brothels will never stop because they forced young kids into prostitution and they refused to have sex. The damages can be severe and leave bruises that will last a life time. As I said before, rape and abuse is endless until someone speak against these violence. Women bear these abuses every day because their obligation to it or else they will be killed. India has the highest rate of women abuse and it can go down if one person will fight against abuse. All it takes is just one behave person to stand up and the rest will follow. In the half the sky, Kristoff wanted to interview a rape victim but they all were shy and scared until one was appointed to him. They took her outside for questioning ten minutes later; there was a line fill of rape victims ready to tell their stories. These abuses sometimes lead women in the form of depression, isolation and poor reproductive health conditions. When will the torture of women stop?